Wind Turbines and the Environment
3 min read · Energy Atlas Editorial
A wind power plants produce no emissions or waste, could be a source of noise or strobe effect, are a distinctive landmark, and require large areas.
Impacts of Wind Turbines on the Environment
Wind turbines generate electricity without direct emissions from fuel combustion during operation. However, like other energy technologies, wind power has environmental impacts associated with the manufacture, construction, operation and decommissioning of its facilities. Wind farms also require relatively large areas because turbines must be spaced apart to reduce aerodynamic interference and wake effects.
Noise
The effects of wind turbines on nearby residents are associated mainly with noise and shadow flicker. Turbine noise has both mechanical and aerodynamic sources, with aerodynamic noise generated primarily by the movement of rotor blades through the air. Modern turbine designs and operational control systems help to reduce noise, while appropriate siting and setback distances are used to limit its impact on nearby residents.
Shadow Flicker
Shadow flicker occurs when rotating turbine blades pass between the Sun and an observer, casting moving shadows when the Sun is low in the sky. The effect occurs only under particular conditions and can be limited through appropriate turbine siting or, where necessary, by temporarily shutting down the turbine during affected periods.
Influence on Bird Populations
The influence of wind turbines on bird populations varies between species and locations. Some species avoid wind turbines, while others are less affected by their presence. Birds can also be killed by collisions with turbine blades. Careful siting is therefore important, particularly to avoid areas with high concentrations of vulnerable species and important migration routes.
Aesthetic Impact
An operational wind turbine becomes a prominent feature of the landscape. Its visual effect on people is highly subjective. Particular consideration is therefore required when planning wind farms in or near protected areas and landscapes of high scenic value.
A 1,000 MW wind farm may extend over more than 100 km2, while a nuclear or thermal power plant typically occupies only a few square kilometres. However, most of the land between the turbines remains available for other uses.
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